Grammar
- Just How American Are The Origins Of Center, Scepter And Theater, Spellingwise?
One of the differences between British and American spelling is between those words that end in -re in British English and -er in American English, such as fibre / fiber. In this post I look at five words ending in -tre / -ter - centre, lustre,...
- Random-ise: Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, -ize And -ise Verbs
This is part of an investigation I've been doing into the use and spelling of -ize suffix verbs and their spelling (-ize or -ise) in British English. For more details, related posts and the methods I've used, see the -ize / -ise page. ...
- Random-ise: Milton's Paradise Lost, -ize And -ise Verbs
This is part of an investigation I've been doing into the use and spelling of -ize suffix verbs and their spelling (-ize or -ise) in British English. For more details, related posts and the methods I've used, see the -ize / -ise page. John...
- Random-ised Thoughts - Tristram Shandy, -ize And -ise Verbs
This is part of an investigation I've been doing into the use and spelling of -ize suffix verbs and their spelling (-ize or -ise) in British English. For more details, related posts and the methods I've used, see the -ize / -ise page. ...
- Some Random Thoughts About -ise And -ize Verbs In British English.
As a change from writing grammar exercises for foreign students, I've decided with this post to make a small contribution to the debate on the position of -ise/-ize verbs in Britain. It is rather long and quite detailed, and illustrated with...
Grammar
Random-ise: Shakespeare and -ize suffix verbs
This is part of an investigation I've been doing into the use and spelling of -ize suffix verbs and their spelling (-ize or -ise) in British English. For more details, related posts and the methods I've used, see the -ize / -ise page.
In books published in Shakespeare's day, we can expect the -ize suffix verbs to be spelt with a z, and that seems mainly the case. The only examples of these words I can find spelt with s are a couple of instances of sympathise, and one of warrantise, but here it's a noun. My other area of interest is how many ize-suffix verbs Shakespeare used, and how many of those were new, or relatively so.
Shakespeare seems to have used about thirty different -ize verbs, or variations on them, in about seventy instances, not really so many for such a huge collection of works. Five of them seem more or less unique to Shakespeare: annothanize, monarchize, royalize, sanctuarize, sluggardize.
From Wikipedia
Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the 16th century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights.
Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime. In 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two friends and fellow actors of Shakespeare, published the First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognised as Shakespeare's. It was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as "not of an age, but for all time."
List of -ize words in Shakespeare
This is a list of all the instances of -ize suffix words I've been able to find in the Project Gutenberg text of the complete works. Click on linked words to see their definitions and origins at Dictionary.com. The dates of origin are from Dictionary.com. Those marked Shak are attributed to Shakespeare in Dictionary.com. Those with *** are possible coinages of his. It should also be noted that the dates of origin attributed to a few of others are also very close to the time Shakespeare's works were written.
| agnize | 1525-35 from Latin |
| anatomize | 1400-1500 from Middle French or Medieval Latin |
| anatomize (2) | |
| anatomiz'd (3) | |
| annothanize*** | seems to be the only instance of this word, anywhere |
| authorized (2) | 1350-1400 from ML (replacing ME from MF) |
| baptiz'd | 1250-1300 from LL |
| bastardizing | 1580-90 bastard + ize |
| canonize | 1350-1400 ME canon + ize |
| canoniz'd (2) | |
| canonized (2) | |
| catechize (3) | 1375-1425 LL from G |
| cauterizing | 1350-1400 LL from G |
| cognizance (2) | 1250-1300 ME from MF (=LL) |
| eterniz'd | 1560-70 ML |
| gormandize | 1540-50 MF gourmand + ise |
| gormandizing | |
| immortaliz'd | 1560-70 immortal + ize |
| infamonize | - literary, obsolete (Collins) |
| memorize | 1585-95 memeor(y) + ize |
| memoriz'd | |
| marchandized | Late 14C MF |
| monarchize *** | Shak |
| moralize (3) | 1350-1400 ML |
| naturalize | 1585-95 natural + ize |
| partialize | 1585-95 F |
| particularize | 1580-95 MF |
| recognizance | 1350-1400 OF |
| recognizances | |
| royalize *** | Shak |
| sanctuarize *** | Shak |
| scandaliz'd (2) | 1480-90 LL |
| sluggardiz'd *** | Shak |
| solemnize (2) | 1350-1400 ML |
| solemniz'd (4) | |
| solemnized (2) | |
| sympathize (2) | 1580-90 MF |
| sympathiz'd | |
| sympathized (2) | |
| temporize (3) | 1570-80 ML |
| temporiz'd | |
| temporizer | |
| tyrannize (3) | 1485-95 LL |
| unauthorized | |
| warrantize |
The strange case of merchandise / merchandize
There are a couple of lines in Sonnet 102 that most sources give as:
- That love is merchandized, whose rich esteeming,
- The owner's tongue doth publish every where.
The verb merchandise is rather interesting. There is a noun merchandise
'mid-13c., "trading, commerce;" mid-14c., "commodities of commerce, wares, articles for sale or trade," from Anglo-French marchaundise, Old French marcheandise "goods, merchandise; trade, business" (12c.)' (Online Etymology Dictionary).
There is a corresponding verb from the late 14th century, which could have come from this noun with its French origins, or it might have come into being by adding an -ize ending to the existing English merchant.
So although it is usually seen as belonging to the group of French -ise verbs, it also has a claim to belong to the group of -ize suffix verbs. In dictonaries it is usually listed under merchandise, with some dictionaries giving the -ize as an alternative for the verb (but not the noun).
Incidentally, in this facsimile of Sonnet 102, it clearly appears as : marchandized.
Table of -ize words in context
Search
You can search for words or phrases in Shakespeare here, or try and find them in the facsimile pages linked to below. You can also try the links to Google Book editions, but these are a bit hit and miss. The best idea is probably just to do a standard web search. Clicking on the G on the right will look up the relevant quotation in Google Search.
Links in the left hand column are to facsimile versions from the First Folio (1623) and first quartos. Links in the centre are to whatever edition at Google Books has been selected. Clicking on the G on the right will take you to Google Search.
Select edition in Google Books:
| Sonnet 35 | Authorizing thy trespass with compare | G |
| Sonnet 82 | Thou truly fair, wert truly sympathized | G |
| Sonnet 102 | That love is merchandized, whose rich esteeming, | G |
| Sonnet 150 | There is such strength and warrantise of skill | G |
| A Lover's complaint | His rudeness so with his authorized youth | G |
| All's well the ends well. Act I Scene I | which my instruction shall serve to naturalize thee | G |
| All's well the ends well. Act IV Scene III | I would gladly have him see his company anatomiz'd | G |
| As you like it. Act I Scene I | but should I anatomize him to thee as he is | G |
| As you like it. Act II Scene I | Did he not moralize this spectacle? | G |
| As you like it. Act II Scene VII | The wise man's folly is anatomiz'd | G |
| As you like it. Act III Scene II | the contract of her marriage and the day it is solemniz'd | G |
| Coriolanus Act I Scene I | is as an inventory to particularize their abundance | G |
| Coriolanus Act IV Scene VI | might have been much better, if he could have temporiz'd | G |
| Comedy of Errors Act IV Scene I | That by this sympathized one day's error | G |
| Hamlet Act I Scene IV | Why thy canoniz'd bones, hearsed in death | G |
| Hamlet Act IV Scene VII | No place indeed should murther sanctuarize | G |
| Hamlet Act V Scene I | with his statutes, his recognizances, his fines | G |
| Henry IV Part I Act I Scene III | Live scandaliz'd and foully spoken of | G |
| Henry IV Part I Act V Scene I | Theft with the losers let it sympathize | G |
| Henry IV Part II Induction | My well-known body to anatomize | G |
| Henry V Act V Scene V | Leave gormandizing; know the grave doth gape | G |
| Henry VI Part I Act I Scene II | Drive them from Orleans, and be immortaliz'd. | G |
| Henry VI Part I Act I Scene III | Break up the gates, I'll be your warrantize | G |
| Henry VI Part I Act II Scene IV | As cognizance of my blood-drinking hate, | G |
| Henry VI Part I Act V Scene III | And make this marriage to be solemniz'd | G |
| Henry VI Part II, Act I Scene II | Are brazen images of canonized saints. | G |
| Henry VI Part II Act V Scene III | Shall be eterniz'd in all age to come | G |
| Henry VI Part III Act III Scene II | which shall in it be memoriz'd | G |
| King John Act I Scene I | Why then I suck my teeth and catechize | G |
| King John Act II Scene I | The rites of marriage shall be solemniz'd. | G |
| King John Act III Scene I | To solemnize this day the glorious sun | G |
| King John Act III Scene I | Canonized, and worshipp'd as a saint | G |
| King John Act III Scene IV | And thou shalt be canoniz'd, Cardinal | G |
| King John Act V Scene II | And will not temporize with my entreaties | G |
| King John Act V Scene VII | Is as a fiend confin'd to tyrannize | G |
| Julius Caesar Act II Scene II | For tinctures, stains, relics, and cognizance | G |
| King Lear Act I Scene II | twinkled on my bastardizing (7) | G |
| King Lear Act III Scene VI | Then let them anatomize Regan | G |
| Love's Labour's Lost Act II Scene I | Of Jaques Falconbridge, solemnized | G |
| Love's Labour's Lost Act III Scene I | A message well sympathiz'd- a horse to be ambassador for an ass | G |
| Love's Labour's Lost Act IV Scene I | which to annothanize in the vulgar | G |
| Love's Labour's Lost Act V Scene II | Dost thou infamonize me among potentates? | G |
| Macbeth Act I Scene II | Or memorize another Golgotha | G |
| Macbeth Act III Scene IV | Authorized by her grandam. Shame itself! | G |
| The Merchant of Venice Act II Scene V | Thou shalt not gormandize as thou hast done with me | G |
| The Merchant of Venice Act II Scene IX | Straight shall our nuptial rites be solemniz'd | G |
| The Merchant of Venice Act III Scene II | And, when your honours mean to solemnize | G |
| Much Ado About Nothing Act I Scene I | Well, you will temporize with the hours | G |
| Othello Act I Scene III | I do agnize a natural and prompt alacrity | G |
| Othello Act III Scene IV | I will catechize the world for him | G |
| Othello Act IV Scene I | An unauthorized kiss | G |
| Othello Act V Scene II | With that recognizance and pledge of love | G |
| Richard II Act I Scene I | Should nothing privilege him nor partialize | G |
| Richard II Act I Scene II | To monarchize, be fear'd, and kill with look | G |
| Richard II Act V Scene I | For why, the senseless brands will sympathize | G |
| Richard III Act I Scene III | To royalize his blood I spent mine own | G |
| Richard III Act III Scene II | moralize two meanings in one word | G |
| Romeo and Juliet Act II Scene II | Call me but love, and I'll be new baptiz'd | G |
| Taming of the Shrew Act Iv Scene IV | I pray thee moralize them | G |
| The Tempest Act V Scene 1 | Of these our dear-belov'd solemnized | G |
| Timon Act V Scene I | Be as a cauterizing to the root o' th' tongue | G |
| Titus Andronicus Act III Scene II | Is left to tyrannize upon my breast | G |
| Titus Andronicus Act IV Scene III | On him that thus doth tyrannize o'er me | G |
| Troilus and Cressida Act II Scene II | And fame in time to come canonize us | G |
| Troilus and Cressida Act IV Scene IV | If I could temporize with my affections | G |
| Twelfth Night Act I Scene V | I must catechize you for it, madonna | G |
| Two Gentlemen of Verona Act I Scene I | Than, living dully sluggardiz'd at home | G |
| Two Gentlemen of Verona Act II Scene VII | I fear me it will make me scandaliz'd | G |
| The Winter's Tale Act I Scene II | Or else a hovering temporizer that | G |
-ize suffix words spelt with s in Shakespeare
| Sonnet 150 | There is such strength and warrantise of skill, | G |
| Henry V Act III Scene VII | Just, just! and the men do sympathise with the mastiffs | G |
| Troilus and Cressida Act I Scene III | As rous'd with rage, with rage doth sympathise | G |
Related posts
- Some random thoughts about -ize and -ise
- Random-sed thoughts: -ize suffix verbs in Tristram Shandy
Links
Shakespeare at Google Books
- London 1733 Vol 2 Merchant of Venice, Love's Labour's Lost, As you like it, Taming of thr Shrew, All's Well that Ends Well, Twelfth Night
- London 1752 Vol 3 All's Well that Ends Well, Twelfth Night, Comedy of Errors, The Winter-Night's Tale, King John
- London 1767 Vol 6/8 - King Lear, Timopn of Athens, Titus Andronicus, Macbeth, Coriolanus
- London 1788 Vol 3 Tempest, Merchant of Venice, Love's Labour's Lost, Much Ado About Nothing
- London 1852 Vol 1 Twenty plays
- London 1863 Complete Works
- Edinburgh 1864 Complete Works
- Cincinatti 1864 Complete Works
- London 1867 Vol 6 of 8 King Lear, Timon of Athens, Titus Andronicus, Macbeth, Coriolanus
- Philadelphia 1871 Complete Works
Facsimile versions
- University of Victoria, Canada
- Archive.org
First Folio versions
- Classic Literature - original spelling
- Project Gutenberg - First Folio - original spelling
Shakespeare link lists
- Palomar College - excellent list of free online Shakespeare resources
Other Shakespeare
- Project Gutenberg - Complete Works
- Wikipedia
- Search facility - Sydney Un iversity
- Internet Shakespeare - University of Victoria, Canada
- MIT Shakespeare - Massachusets Institute of Technology
- Mr. William Shakespeare and the Internet - Palomar College
- Shakespeare Online
- The Literature Page
- British Library
- Open Source Shakespeare
- The canon - Palomar college
- Shakespeare Dictionary
- The Works of the Bard -Sydney University
Other resources
- Database of Early English Plays - U.Penn
- The Literature Page
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- Just How American Are The Origins Of Center, Scepter And Theater, Spellingwise?
One of the differences between British and American spelling is between those words that end in -re in British English and -er in American English, such as fibre / fiber. In this post I look at five words ending in -tre / -ter - centre, lustre,...
- Random-ise: Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, -ize And -ise Verbs
This is part of an investigation I've been doing into the use and spelling of -ize suffix verbs and their spelling (-ize or -ise) in British English. For more details, related posts and the methods I've used, see the -ize / -ise page. ...
- Random-ise: Milton's Paradise Lost, -ize And -ise Verbs
This is part of an investigation I've been doing into the use and spelling of -ize suffix verbs and their spelling (-ize or -ise) in British English. For more details, related posts and the methods I've used, see the -ize / -ise page. John...
- Random-ised Thoughts - Tristram Shandy, -ize And -ise Verbs
This is part of an investigation I've been doing into the use and spelling of -ize suffix verbs and their spelling (-ize or -ise) in British English. For more details, related posts and the methods I've used, see the -ize / -ise page. ...
- Some Random Thoughts About -ise And -ize Verbs In British English.
As a change from writing grammar exercises for foreign students, I've decided with this post to make a small contribution to the debate on the position of -ise/-ize verbs in Britain. It is rather long and quite detailed, and illustrated with...