Grammar

When is a phrasal verb not a phrasal verb?

When it's a 'prepositional verb', apparently.

Or - how they moved the goalposts when I wasn't looking.

This post started off life as a small peeve in another post, but has now grown into a full-scale rant about how the writers of English course book sometimes like to change the terminology we are all used to. If you landed here expecting to find some exercises on phrasal verbs, or even prepositional verbs, I'm afraid this is not the right place, but you can find a lesson on prepositional verbs with lots of exercises here.

This is probably more addressed to my fellow teachers than students, and it gets a bit detailed in parts. But if you are interested in grammatical niceties or how English is taught, why not stay along for the ride. I've annotated any difficult word or phrases to help you stay aboard. (Probably a mixed metaphor)

Firstly I would like to say that I have the greatest respect for the writers of course books for learners of English. And I have worked with most of those published in Britain over the last fifteen years or so. The grammar they teach is deeply embedded in the everyday speech of ordinary educated speakers, and mercifully lacking in pedantry and prescriptivism. I have even said elsewhere that I think that native speakers might get a better idea of their own language by looking at TEFL materials, rather than some of the so-called grammar sites aimed specifically at them.

But there is one area in particular that annoys me, and that is the way teminology sometimes get changed, for what can look like reasons of fashion. For years we had been happily teaching phrasal verbs when, maybe four years ago, multiword verbs (or multi-word or multi word, take your pick) raised their ugly heads. Now there may be very good linguistic reasons for calling phrasal verbs multiword verbs, but what was wrong with the old term? in my opinion this is just confusing, for both teachers and students.

The latest buzzword seems to be prepositional verbs, and to be honest, the more I read about them, the less I can decide precisely what they are. But first let's go back to some basics.

1. What is a phrasal verb?

Here are some dictionary definitions of phrasal verb. I've chosen the four main British online dictionaries aimed at learners, and one American, just to round them out. The underlining is mine.

a verb combined with an adverb or a preposition, or sometimes both, to give a new meaning, for example go in for, win over and see to (Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary)
a phrase which consists of a verb in combination with a preposition or adverb or both, the meaning of which is different from the meaning of its separate parts - 'look after', 'work out' and 'make up for' are all phrasal verbs. (Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary)
a group of words that is used like a verb and consists of a verb with an adverb or preposition after it, for example 'set off' or 'look after'. (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)
a combination of words that is used like a verb and consists of a verb and an adverb or preposition, for example give in or come up with (Macmillan Dictionary)
a group of words that functions as a verb and is made up of a verb and a preposition, an adverb, or both “Take off” and “look down on” are phrasal verbs. (Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary)

That sounds pretty unanimous to me. A phrasal verb consists of a verb plus an adverb or preposition, or both. The underlined examples all have a preposition. (I deliberately haven't underlined the three parters, as that's a separate issue.)

2. Phrasal verbs have traditionally been divided into four types:

Type 1 - those that don't take an object
- What on earth is going on.
- Our car broke down during the holiday.
Without an object the particles can't be prepositions, so they must be adverbs.
Type 2 - those that take an object and can be separated by that object
- We're picking up the kids / picking the kids up after school.
- Could you turn on the television / turn the television on, please?
- I'll put on some music / put some music on, shall I?
It's generally accepted that these are adverb particles.
Type 3 - those that take an object, but that can't be separated by the object
- 'Here's looking at you, kid!'
- We're looking after Sheila's kids for the afternoon.
- She's looking for a new job.
These particles are prepositions and always take an object.
Type 4 - those that have two particles. The particles can't be separated by the object.
- We get on with the neighbours like a house on fire.
- It looks like we've run out of coffee.
- Do you think they will get away with it?
The first particle is an adverb and always stays with the verb, whereas the second particle is a preposition and cannot be separated from its object. We can however, sometimes separate the two particles with modifiers.
- I get on really well with my in-laws.
- I'm not putting up any more with your behaviour.

The type numbers I've used here aren't necessarily universal, but I'll use them as a frame of reference. This categorisation comes from English File Upper-intermediate (OUP 2001), although it could equally as well come from a lot of other course books. The explanations and examples are mine.

3. But the writers of Language Leader Advanced seem to think differently.

I've been using a newish course book recently - Language Leader Advanced (LLA from now on) - which I quite like, especially their rather progressive attitude to the passive. But out of the blue comes a section on 'prepositional verbs'. Now, as far as I am aware, this is not a term bandied around very much in TEFL circles, and as the book is for advanced students, I thought maybe this was some exotic type of verb I hadn't come across before.

But no, it's just what I call Type 3 phrasal verbs (well, maybe - see below). Not that you'd have known that from the course book; phrasal verbs don't even get a mention. What's more, I'm pretty sure that two out of the nine examples they give are not actually prepositional verbs, so I'm not totally convinced they really understand the concept themselves.

The examples of prepositional verbs they give are:

come across, come up, deal with, get on, get over
look at, look into, look like, look after, look around.

We'll come back to what I think are the errors later, because I've now discovered why they don't mention phrasal verbs. It's because they don't consider prepositional verbs to be phrasal verbs. In the reference section for Unit 11 it says:

Phrasal verbs consist of verb + adverb particle. They can be transitive or intransitive.

Nothing about prepositions at all. Nor about three-word verbs. This is made clearer in the Teacher's Book (which I confess, I hadn't looked at earlier):

If they [the students] mention phrasal verbs, tell them that unlike prepositional verbs, phrasal verbs are followed by an adverb ...

So according to LLA, the examples of prepositional verbs above aren't phrasal verbs at all.

Which is strange, as Longman's Dictionary of Contemporary English, published by the same company as the Language Leader course books, lists all these verbs as phrasal verbs, with the exception of look like. Which is not really surprising, as nobody lists look like as a phrasal verb. (Does that mean that any verb followed by a preposition is a prepositional verb? We'll come back to that one too.)

And even stranger, this system of separating prepositional verbs from phrasal verbs (God knows what happened to three-part verbs) isn't reflected in the other levels of the same series. Language Leader Intermediate has three sections on phrasal verbs. They include get to (somewhere, eg London), take over (something, eg a company) and buy into (something, eg an idea). All of which, according to the book's big brother, would be prepositional verbs and not phrasal verbs at all.

4. And they're not the only ones.

The English Club website divides what most of us call phrasal verbs into three different types of verb:

Phrasal verbs (Types 1 and 2 in my categorisation)
Prepositional verbs (Type 3 in my categorisation)
Phrasal-prepositional verbs (Type 4 in my categorisation)

and lump them all under the oh-so-trendy multi-word-verbs.

5. Market Leader Advanced

Pearson Longman also publish the well-known Market Leader series. Market Leader Advanced (2006) has a very similar four part system to the one I outlined above, even having the same type numbers. They do admittedly prefer the overall name "multiword verbs", but give "phrasal verbs" as an alternative - for all four types, and divide them into:

Intransitive multiword verbs
Transitive multiword verbs
Prepositional verbs
Three-part (phrasal-prepositional) verbs

OK, I admit I hadn't spotted their system of nomenclature before, but they basically fall into the familiar four type pattern.

6. Dazed and confused (Part 1).

Let's look once again at those examples of prepositional verbs given in Language Leader Advanced (in Unit 8) :

come across, come up, deal with, get on, get over
look at, look into, look like, look after, look around.

Try adding an object, for example something, somebody or somewhere after each verb. With eight of them it works fine, but with get on and come up? OK, you can get on a train, and perhaps come up the hill, but that would simply be a normal verb followed by a preposition. And in any case that's not the meanings they give.

They have an exercise where you have to replace the verbs in bold by choosing a 'prepositional verb' from the selection above (more or less). Two of the sentences go like this:

How are you progressing at work.
An opportunity has arisen for a Twitter correspondent at Sky News Board.

and the answers given in the Teacher Book are:

How are you getting on at work.
An opportunity has come up for a Twitter correspondent at Sky News Board.

Now correct me if I'm wrong here (as Eddie Izzard might say), but where are those pesky 'objects of the preposition'. Nowhere to be seen, because both of these so-called 'prepositional verbs' are themselves followed by prepositions (at and for).

To make it even clearer, we could could use both of these 'prepositional verbs', with exactly the same meaning, like this:

How's work? How are you getting on?
Sorry I'm late, something came up.

No object = no preposition = no prepositional verb

The particles on and up are adverbs, so as far as I can see these are not prepositional verbs at all, but Type 1 intransitive phrasal verbs. But then perhaps I'm missing something.

7. Dazed and confused (Part 2).

The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary says that the function of a phrasal verb is:
to give a new meaning
and Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary says that:
the meaning of [a phrasal verb] is different from the meaning of its separate parts

Now once I'd got my head around the fact that in this brave new world, Type 3 phrasal verbs aren't actually phrasal verbs at all, but prepositional verbs, I assumed that the same principle would apply.

And sure enough in the LLA teacher notes for Unit 8 they say:

... with prepositional verbs, the preposition changes the meaning of the verb, which is not the case with verbs simply followed by prepositions

OK. I can run with that. That's just what I thought. But what about that look like in LLA Unit 8? Look at these two sentences:

You look happy today.
He's very like his father.

It is clear that look often means appear, and like means similar to. These are in the normal dictionary listings. So the verb phrase look like doesn't carry any extra information not already apparent from 'the meaning of its separate parts'. Which is presumably why it is not normally listed as a phrasal verb in dictionaries. Nor is it listed in the Look section in Phrasal Verbs in Use (Cambridge). But here it is among the prepositional verbs in LLA.

And then in the LLA Teacher Book Unit 11 we have this:

Write "Can you sit on the chair properly", and elicit ... the name of this verb type (prepositional verb)

Sorry, but how exactly does the preposition on "change the meaning" of the verb sit? I'm afraid you've lost me there.

So I repeat my earlier question: is a prepositional verb just any old verb with a preposition stuck onto it, whether it has a change of meaning or not?

Some people at least, seem to think so. A Turkish student asked the BBC Learning English website:

What are the differences between prepositional and phrasal verbs?

and Roger for the BBC replied. First he gave some examples:

I drove through the traffic lights when they were red.
He wasn’t tall enough and couldn’t climb over the fence.

and went on to say:

This combination of verb and preposition is usually referred to as a prepositional verb, although sometimes it is also known as a phrasal verb.

Well sorry, but I would never call drive through and climb over phrasal verbs, because there is no extra meaning. The meaning is clear from the words themselves. And since when was this type of verb usually referred to as a prepositional verb?

He then gives a couple more examples:

Could you look after my cat while I’m away?
She sailed through her exams and got top marks.

OK. Now I agree. These I would call phrasal verbs, because the meaning is not clear from 'the separate parts'. We have to know what these phrasal verbs mean to make sense of them.

Let's look at what some others think (again, my emphasis):

About.com - [A prepositional verb is] An idiomatic expression that combines a verb and a preposition to make a new verb with a distinct meaning.
Wikipedia - Prepositional verbs are phrasal verbs that contain a preposition, and they give some examples (2 of which I wouldn't consider phrasal verbs):
- On Fridays, we look after our grandchildren.
- She helped the boy to an extra portion of potatoes.
- We talked to the minister about the crisis.
English Practice.com - A prepositional verb consists of a verb and a preposition.And they give as examples: call on, care for and insist on. The last one would normally be thought of as a verb + dependent preposition.

Well, it seems to me that confusion reigns here. For some people, prepositional verbs are a type of phrasal verb, for others not. For some people, extra meaning is necessary, for others not.

Put that another way, one fairly recently published Pearson Longman advanced course book says prepositional verbs are a type of phrasal verb, another fairly recently published Pearson Longman advanced course book says they aren't. In one unit of the LLA teacher's book it says that prepositional verbs have extra meaning, but in another they give an example which clearly doesn't.

There doesn't appear to be any consensus as to what a prepositional verb actually is. And until there is, I wish writers of course books would forget all this prepositional verb nonsense, and stick with what every man and his dog knows about: good old-fashioned phrasal verbs in all their full four-type glory. (Forlorn hope! It ain't going to happen.)

8. Conclusion

I'll finish with a final quote from the LLA teacher's book:

It is important that students know the difference between the two [prepositional and phrasal verbs]

Really? What I would have thought is important is that students know whether a phrasal verb is transitive or intransitive, separable or non-separable. Exactly the sort of information they'll find in their learner's dictionary. The rest is just extra baggage.

But most important of all is that they know what it means. In my experience, where students have most problems with phrasal verbs is not with structure, but with meaning. That's where we should be concentrating our energy, not worrying about whether something is a prepositional verb or a phrasal verb, especially when no two course books, even those published by the same company, seem to agree.

The students I teach are mostly hard-working business people. They have English lessons at the crack of dawn before work, or in the evening when they are tired after their working day. When they see the word "grammar", their eyes glaze over. They want nice easy explanations from teachers who have a reasonable grasp of what they are talking about. We (and the course books) have been teaching phrasal verbs for years without distinguishing between adverb particles and prepositions, why does it suddenly become so important now?

Links

Language Leader (Pearson Longman)
BBC Learning English
About.com - Grammar and composition
Wikipedia
English Practice.com

- Step By Step Grammar 6: Prepositions
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- Phrasal Verb Or Multi-word Verb? Is There Any Difference?
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- To Separate Or Not? (1) - Get Something Across
I was recently doing some material in class on phrasal verbs. We were using a CAE course book, which told the students they needed to know whether a phrasal verb is transitive or intransitive (does it take an object or not). And if it's transitive,...

- Random Quiz - Phrasal Verbs
Multifunctional quiz based on a 'bank' of about 500 phrasal verbs in example sentences. View by verb, particle or topic. Or just go for a random selection. This is a work in progress, I will be adding more verbs in the near future. ...

- Prepositional Verbs Revisited
This post is a fairly detailed, and for me at least quite technical, discussion / exploration aimed mainly at teachers and possibly grammar freaks, and is a continuation of an earlier discussion / rant I had at When is a phrasal verb not a phrasal...

Grammar