Grammar
There’s a scene in the film Bhaji on the Beach, where three British-Indian women go to the airport to meet their Indian cousin who has just arrived from Mumbai (Bombay). As they come to greet her, she says: ‘My God, you’re all wearing saris. No one in Bombay wears saris nowadays.’ And it is true that, very often, immigrant communities hang on to customs and traditions long after they have fallen out of fashion in their old home country. This is not really surprising as it is a way of clinging on to their identity. You can see a clip of this excellent film, by the way, at Veoh.
I sometimes think the same is true of language. The first American settlers were immigrants too, and in some ways they too hung on to the old (linguistic) ways.
Take the past participle (third form) of ‘get’ for example. Those of you who are students of BrE (the form of English used in the UK ,and its cousins in Australia, new Zealand etc), will of course know that it is ‘got’. But in AmE (US English) the form ‘gotten’ for certain meanings of get, like become (gotten married) and obtain (they’ve gotten a new car), is also commonly used. Although not for possession (I’ve got the answer, not gotten). Now this usage used to be quite common in British English as well, and you can see lots of examples from Shakespeare and from the King James Bible (still the most popular version), both from the early 17th century. But somewhere along the way, for us, it has dropped out of use. You can read more about this and other grammatical differences between BrE and AmE in great detail at Wikipedia. A writer at the (UK) Spectator who was criticised for using gotten, quotes in his defence the American writer H.L.Mencken on the use of got and gotten, and about how the preterite (past simple) and past perfect were almost interchangeable in Shakespeare.
This is not to say, of course, that Americans have not contributed to the development of the English language. Far from it. They simplified the spelling system for starters and although I prefer my BrE system out of force of habit, it is hard to argue with the logic of the US system.
And 20th century American writers gave literature in English a new vitality, cutting away a lot of the verbosity, to concentrate on the narrative (story).
Nor is AmE static. For example, students of BrE are taught to use Present Perfect with words such as already, yet and just. Now in AmE you will often here the Past Simple used instead, eg: I did it already. As the Wikipedia article points out, this use is fairly recent.
But in some ways I find AmE grammar more rigid than in BrE.
I once came across a blog written by, I think, an (American) advertising copy editor. It included a text which had twenty errors you had to find. Well I got up to about 17, and for the life of me couldn’t see any more, so I gave up and looked at the answers. Well two of them I kicked myself for not getting, but the last one was not, in my eyes, a mistake. And in fact the second sentence of this paragraph contains (quite accidentally) the same ‘mistake’. - Can you see anything wrong with that sentence?:
It included a text which had twenty errors you had to find.
No? Good! Neither can I. First question - what grammatical structure do we have here?
Show answer
We have a defining relative clause, sometimes known as a restrictive relative clause. Can we change the word ‘which’, and if so what to?
Show answer
Yes we can. We can change it to ‘that’. Now mainstream BrE courses for foreigners teach you that you have a choice. That while most native speakers will in fact say ‘that’, it is also quite correct to use ‘which’. And this is the case in UK English. But not for many Americans, and this lady marked it as a mistake.
I recently discovered perhaps why. A book called Elements of Style, by Skunk and White, a prescriptive American English writing style guide,is apparently very popular in the US . Prescriptive means it prescribes (gives) rules that should be followed. Most modern grammars are descriptive; they describe what is commonly accepted practice, but don’t lay down rules. Skunk and White are thoroughly debunked here, and I quote:
The copy editor's old bugaboo about not using "which" to introduce a restrictive relative clause is also an instance of failure to look at the evidence. ‘Elements’ as revised by White endorses that rule. But 19th-century authors whose prose was never forced through a 20th-century prescriptive copy-editing mill generally alternated between "which" and "that." (There seems to be a subtle distinction in meaning related to whether new information is being introduced.) There was never a period in the history of English when "which" at the beginning of a restrictive relative clause was an error.
And just one last difference. In the comments section of another blog, a contributor was gently pulled up (see 4) on his grammar for saying something like:
The University climate team have just published a new report.
Can you see the problem?
Show answer
The noun team is Singular, while the verb have is Plural. This breaks the rule of formal agreement where every verb should agree with its (or is it their, perhaps?) subject.
But there is another form of agreement, notional agreement, where we see the team as a group of people. Words commonly used like this include the government, the company, the staff, the group etc. In BrE this is perfectly acceptable and probably the norm, but although it occasionally occurs in AmE, people there are apparently distinctly uncomfortable with it. See for example this forum discussion.
And just to finish off I’d like to recommend the marvellous The Best of British, ‘’The American’s guide to speaking British”, written by Mike Etherington. There’s a lot of stuff here which was new to me too.
- Defending The Queen's English
What is it about American phrases and spellings that some Britons find so offensive? Extremists (loyalists even?) might refer to British English as “The Queen’s English”. You lazy Americans are distorting the language and thereby insulting the Queen....
- American English
There are about four times as many speakers of American English as there are of British English. The differences between the two include vocabulary and idiomatic phrases but the most obvious and easily noticeable is probably in the accents. As a result...
- Q & A When Do We Use That Instead Of Who Or Which?
Basic answer The who, which and that the question refers to are all relative pronouns. We can use that instead of who or which in defining (restrictive) relative clauses: For people: - The boy who is climbing the tree is my son. or The...
- Q & A When Do We Use 'whom' Instead Of 'who'.
I'm tempted to say almost never, but I'll try to be a bit more objective. Basic answer - in spoken and informal English, most native speakers use whom very rarely. This is because for most of us whom sounds excessively formal and rather old...
- It's A Boy!
Transatlantic pronoun problems I was writing some example sentences for my post on lay and lie, when I wrote this sentence: She wrapped the baby up and laid it in its cot. Then I remembered a post I'd read recently on the excellent language...
Grammar
Some random thoughts about UK and US grammar
There’s a scene in the film Bhaji on the Beach, where three British-Indian women go to the airport to meet their Indian cousin who has just arrived from Mumbai (Bombay). As they come to greet her, she says: ‘My God, you’re all wearing saris. No one in Bombay wears saris nowadays.’ And it is true that, very often, immigrant communities hang on to customs and traditions long after they have fallen out of fashion in their old home country. This is not really surprising as it is a way of clinging on to their identity. You can see a clip of this excellent film, by the way, at Veoh.
I sometimes think the same is true of language. The first American settlers were immigrants too, and in some ways they too hung on to the old (linguistic) ways.
Take the past participle (third form) of ‘get’ for example. Those of you who are students of BrE (the form of English used in the UK ,and its cousins in Australia, new Zealand etc), will of course know that it is ‘got’. But in AmE (US English) the form ‘gotten’ for certain meanings of get, like become (gotten married) and obtain (they’ve gotten a new car), is also commonly used. Although not for possession (I’ve got the answer, not gotten). Now this usage used to be quite common in British English as well, and you can see lots of examples from Shakespeare and from the King James Bible (still the most popular version), both from the early 17th century. But somewhere along the way, for us, it has dropped out of use. You can read more about this and other grammatical differences between BrE and AmE in great detail at Wikipedia. A writer at the (UK) Spectator who was criticised for using gotten, quotes in his defence the American writer H.L.Mencken on the use of got and gotten, and about how the preterite (past simple) and past perfect were almost interchangeable in Shakespeare.
This is not to say, of course, that Americans have not contributed to the development of the English language. Far from it. They simplified the spelling system for starters and although I prefer my BrE system out of force of habit, it is hard to argue with the logic of the US system.
And 20th century American writers gave literature in English a new vitality, cutting away a lot of the verbosity, to concentrate on the narrative (story).
Nor is AmE static. For example, students of BrE are taught to use Present Perfect with words such as already, yet and just. Now in AmE you will often here the Past Simple used instead, eg: I did it already. As the Wikipedia article points out, this use is fairly recent.
But in some ways I find AmE grammar more rigid than in BrE.
I once came across a blog written by, I think, an (American) advertising copy editor. It included a text which had twenty errors you had to find. Well I got up to about 17, and for the life of me couldn’t see any more, so I gave up and looked at the answers. Well two of them I kicked myself for not getting, but the last one was not, in my eyes, a mistake. And in fact the second sentence of this paragraph contains (quite accidentally) the same ‘mistake’. - Can you see anything wrong with that sentence?:
It included a text which had twenty errors you had to find.
No? Good! Neither can I. First question - what grammatical structure do we have here?
Show answer
We have a defining relative clause, sometimes known as a restrictive relative clause. Can we change the word ‘which’, and if so what to?
Show answer
Yes we can. We can change it to ‘that’. Now mainstream BrE courses for foreigners teach you that you have a choice. That while most native speakers will in fact say ‘that’, it is also quite correct to use ‘which’. And this is the case in UK English. But not for many Americans, and this lady marked it as a mistake.
The copy editor's old bugaboo about not using "which" to introduce a restrictive relative clause is also an instance of failure to look at the evidence. ‘Elements’ as revised by White endorses that rule. But 19th-century authors whose prose was never forced through a 20th-century prescriptive copy-editing mill generally alternated between "which" and "that." (There seems to be a subtle distinction in meaning related to whether new information is being introduced.) There was never a period in the history of English when "which" at the beginning of a restrictive relative clause was an error.
And just one last difference. In the comments section of another blog, a contributor was gently pulled up (see 4) on his grammar for saying something like:
The University climate team have just published a new report.
Can you see the problem?
Show answer
The noun team is Singular, while the verb have is Plural. This breaks the rule of formal agreement where every verb should agree with its (or is it their, perhaps?) subject.
And just to finish off I’d like to recommend the marvellous The Best of British, ‘’The American’s guide to speaking British”, written by Mike Etherington. There’s a lot of stuff here which was new to me too.
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- Defending The Queen's English
What is it about American phrases and spellings that some Britons find so offensive? Extremists (loyalists even?) might refer to British English as “The Queen’s English”. You lazy Americans are distorting the language and thereby insulting the Queen....
- American English
There are about four times as many speakers of American English as there are of British English. The differences between the two include vocabulary and idiomatic phrases but the most obvious and easily noticeable is probably in the accents. As a result...
- Q & A When Do We Use That Instead Of Who Or Which?
Basic answer The who, which and that the question refers to are all relative pronouns. We can use that instead of who or which in defining (restrictive) relative clauses: For people: - The boy who is climbing the tree is my son. or The...
- Q & A When Do We Use 'whom' Instead Of 'who'.
I'm tempted to say almost never, but I'll try to be a bit more objective. Basic answer - in spoken and informal English, most native speakers use whom very rarely. This is because for most of us whom sounds excessively formal and rather old...
- It's A Boy!
Transatlantic pronoun problems I was writing some example sentences for my post on lay and lie, when I wrote this sentence: She wrapped the baby up and laid it in its cot. Then I remembered a post I'd read recently on the excellent language...